The 92-Year Silence — Alabama

The 92-YearSilence

Black Political Power in Alabama, 1868 – Present

More than 100 Black men held office in 1868. By 1878 every one was gone — and the door stayed shut for ninety-two years, the longest exclusion of any Southern state.

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In 1868, more than 100 African Americans took their seats in the Alabama Legislature. Among them were ministers, farmers, a famed bridge builder, and men who had been enslaved just three years earlier. They wrote a new constitution. They built public schools. They held power.

By 1878, every one of them had been driven from office. Alabama would not seat another Black legislator for 92 years — the longest exclusion gap of any state in this study.

Reconstruction · 1868–1878
Alabama Senate & House
Benjamin F. Royal
State Senator · 1868–1876
Alexander H. Curtis
State Senator · 1872–1876
Constitutional Convention delegate
Jeremiah Haralson
State Senator · U.S. Congress, 1875–1877
Born enslaved. Rose to serve in both chambers and the U.S. House.
James K. Greene
State Senator · 1874–1876
Also served in the Alabama House
John W. Jones
State Senator · 1872–1876
Lloyd Leftwich
State Senator · 1872–1876
Horace King
State Representative · 1868–1872
Famed bridge builder. His covered bridges still stand across the South.
John Carraway
Member, Alabama House of Representatives and Mobile City Council
James H. Alston
State Representative · 1868–1879
Longest-serving Black legislator of the Reconstruction era
Thomas Diggs
State Representative · 1868–1872
Constitutional Convention delegate
Holland Thompson
State Representative · 1868–1872
Greene S. W. Lewis
State Representative · 1868, 1872–1878
Constitutional Convention delegate
Benjamin Sterling Turner
U.S. Representative · 1871–1873
First Black congressman from Alabama
James T. Rapier
U.S. Representative · 1873–1875
Constitutional Convention delegate
and more than 90 additional legislators
The Silence · 1878–1970
1878
1885
1900
1915
No names. No representatives. No senators. No voice in government. Alabama’s silence lasted ninety-two years — the longest of any Deep South state.
1930
1945
1960
1965
Restoration · 1970–Present
1970
Fred Gray & Thomas Reed
First Black Alabama legislators since Reconstruction
92 years after the last Black legislator was driven from office
1993
Earl Hilliard
U.S. Representative, 7th District · 1993–2003
First Black Alabama congressman since Jeremiah Haralson in 1877
2011
Terri Sewell
U.S. Representative, 7th District · 2011–present
First Black woman from Alabama in Congress
2025
Shomari Figures
U.S. Representative, 2nd District · 2025–present
New majority-Black district created after Allen v. Milligan
2026
100+
Legislators Elected
1868–1878
92
Years of
Silence
0
Black Officials
1878–1970

The silence is not ancient history. It is the world your grandparents were born into.

Help us document what remains. Every church, school, lodge hall, and cemetery that Black communities built during the silence is a monument to persistence without representation.

Njila · The Ancestral Pathway
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Understanding who held power where your ancestors lived is itself an act of advocacy. From Reconstruction to redistricting.

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Every church, school, lodge hall, and cemetery that Black communities built during the silence is a monument to persistence without representation.

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Sources & Further Reading
  • U.S. House of Representatives — History, Art & Archives (history.house.gov)
  • Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (Harper Perennial, 2014)
  • BlackPast.org